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It is often assumed that Ronald Reagan's administration was reactive in bringing about the end of the cold war, that it was Mikhail Gorbachev's "new thinking" and congenial personality that led the administration to abandon its hard- line approach toward Moscow. In The Reagan Reversal, now available in paperback, Beth A. Fischer convincingly demonstrates that President Reagan actually began seeking a rapprochement with the Kremlin fifteen months before Gorbachev took office. She shows that Reagan, known for his long-standing antipathy toward communism, suddenly began calling for "dialogue, cooperation, and understanding" between the superpowers. This well-written and concise study challenges the conventional wisdom about the president himself and reveals that Reagan was, at times, the driving force behind United States-Soviet policy.
- Sales Rank: #1324661 in Books
- Brand: Brand: University of Missouri
- Published on: 2000-03-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .70" w x 6.00" l, .64 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 192 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From Kirkus Reviews
Much energy is expended here demonstrating that Ronald Reagan's policy toward the Soviets was pro- rather than reactive beginning in 1984. According to Fischer (Political Science/Univ. of Toronto), both versions of the ``conventional wisdom'' about the ending of the Cold War portray Reagan as simply responding to Gorbachev's initiatives. Liberals dismiss him as the lucky man in office when the Soviet Union unraveled, conservatives praise him as the hardliner tightening the screws until the Soviets cried ``uncle.'' Fischer's examination of events, however, points to a stark shift in Reagan administration rhetoric and policy prior to the 1985 summit with Gorbachev. The references to an evil empire and refusals to enter into serious arms negotiations were abruptly replaced by a more conciliatory attitude shorn of saber-rattling and positively seeking accommodation with the Soviets. But if the Reagan Administration was out front rather than reacting to Gorbachev, the interesting question is explaining this reversal. In good dissertation-like fashion, three hypotheses are considered: (1) domestic politics dictated a softening of ideological hyperbole prior to the 1984 election; (2) moderates within the administration became more influential in the area of foreign policy; and (3) Reagan himself decided to take relations with the Soviets in a new direction. The possibility that multiple factors were at work is ignored, and the first two potential explanations are rejected as insufficient. The third is supported through a quasi-psychological analysis in which Reagan's horror of nuclear weapons, his belief in an approaching biblical Armageddon, and a series of triggering events are posited as the basis for his leadership in reaching out to the Soviets. There is no hard evidence supporting this hypothesis, of course, but it doesn't matter: This is a purely academic exercise, somewhat akin to arguing over how many angels can dance on the head of a pin. -- Copyright ©1997, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved.
Review
"This book . . . lets fresh air into the stale atmosphere of the presidency of Ronald Reagan. . . . This is not merely a book to be read; it is a book that can be read."—International Journal
"A well-written and provocative work."—Choice
"The Reagan Reversal should be on the reading list of anyone attempting to understand the dynamics which led to the end of the cold war."—Virginia Quarterly Review
"Fischer understands the realities of foreign policy and international politics. She has a political sense which enables her to connect domestic and world politics. I found it difficult to put down the book because of the unfolding story she narrates. She is a superb political analyst."— Kenneth W. Thompson
About the Author
Beth A. Fischer is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto and is coauthor of The Constitution and American Foreign Policy.
Most helpful customer reviews
13 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
Very interesting and informative
By Jeanine
I've never been a Reagan fan, but Beth Fischer portrays this former president in a way that explicates Reagan's many complexities. Essentially, Fischer debunks the myth that Reagan was an ignorant and passive president. While, he did make his share of mistakes, especially in foreign policy, Fischer nevertheless, argues the leader-driven theory. She supports this assertion by attributing the reversal in American policy toward the Soviet Union solely on Reagan. By the same token, she blames Reagan for the belligerent and hawkish approach America took toward the Soviet Union in the early 1980s. She does not, however, ignore the part that anti-Soviet hardliners such as Weinberger and Richard Perle played in forming Soviet policy. Instead, Fischer argues that Reagan played the determing factor within the National Security Planning Group, which was responsible for forming American foreign policy. Specifically, this committee was split down the middle by two factions. On the one hand, there was Schultz and his coalition, which supported a conciliatory approach toward the Soviet Union in addition to favouring arms control. On the other hand, there was Weinberger and Perle who charged the Soviets with the intention of conspiring to military and strategic superiority. In addition, she cites the Iran-contra affair as one of the many examples in which Reagan played a dynamic role in forming foreign policy. After all, this affair went against the good sense of his advisers. And the Strategic Defence Initiative was definitely a presidential initiatve. More importantly, Fischer argues that the turning point in Soviet-American relations was not set into motion by the Soviets, but by Reagan. She pinpoints the Able Archer 83 incident as the point where Reagan realized that his aggressive stance might precipitate a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Moreover, this occured near the end of 1983, whereas many other analysts argue that Gorbachev (who came into power in 1985) was responsible for decreasing tensions between the two superpowers.
Conversely, Fischer's analysis cannot help by highlight some of Reagan's political mishaps. He did indeed seem to be a well-intentioned, but uninformed loose cannon. SDI wasn't as well received as he might have liked it because he failed to consult the scientific community save for Edward Teller and people loyal to his vision. In addition, he failed to consult America's NATO allies, whose very existence depended on the existing nuclear strategy of MAD. Moreover, the Administration was somewhat confused and lacking cohesion with regard to SDI because the president failed to consult the DOD and the State Department. For instance, Fischer points out how Reagan did not even notify Schultz until two days before his speech and as for the rest of his cabinet, they found out the day of. Furthermore, his spontaneity, or so it seemed to be, caused him to make promises or suggestions which contradicted the very essence of SDI. For example, he insinuated that the United States might share SDI technologies with Europe and the Soviet Union. However, he initiated SDI because it was something the United States could do unilateraly. Moreover, he later said that he would not give anyone the veto over SDI, which defeated the purpose of multilateral sharing.
While, I have gone on for long enough about "the Reagan Reversal," I must say that this is a well researched piece of work and more importantly, it was a pleasure to read.
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